Healthy Lifestyle Deck of cards as a tool for cognitive-behavioral therapy in adults with obesity / Baralho do Estilo de Vida como ferramenta da terapia cognitivo-comportamental de adultos com obesidade

This is a mixed-methodology controlled clinical study that assessed the effect of the Health Lifestyle Deck of cards as a Cognitive-Behavioral Group Therapy tool for obese adults. Method The sample was divided into two groups: Intervention group and Intervention+Deck. The therapy was interdisciplinary handled by psychology, nutrition and physical education professionals, along 12 sessions. The following measures were performed: anthropometric assessment, indicators of binge eating, depression, anxiety and stress, quality of life, self-efficacy for eating habits, and physical activity at the beginning and the end of the intervention. Participants' written and verbal reports' content was analyzed. Results The results were: a reduction in body mass, binge eating, and improvement of self-efficacy to regulate eating habits in both groups. There was an improvement in the psychological domain of quality of life only in the Intervention+Deck group. Conclusion The study concluded that the intervention favored participants' cognitive and behavioral changes.

Este estudo clínico controlado de metodologia mista avaliou o efeito do Baralho do Estilo de Vida como ferramenta da Terapia Cognitivo-comportamental em grupo de adultos com obesidade. Método A amostra foi dividida em dois grupos: grupo Intervenção e grupo Intervenção+Baralho. A terapia foi interdisciplinar com profissionais da psicologia, nutrição e educação física e foram realizadas 12 sessões. As avaliações realizadas foram: avaliação antropométrica, indicadores de compulsão alimentar, depressão, ansiedade e estresse, qualidade de vida, autoeficácia para hábito alimentar e atividade física no início e no fim da intervenção. Foi realizada análise de conteúdo dos relatos verbais e por escrito dos participantes. Resultados Neste sentido, verificou-se redução da massa corporal, da compulsão alimentar e melhora da autoeficácia para regular o hábito alimentar nos dois grupos. Houve melhora no domínio psicológico da qualidade de vida apenas no grupo Intervenção+Baralho. Conclusão O estudo concluiu que a intervenção favoreceu mudanças cognitivas e comportamentais dos participantes.

The relationship between serum fatty acids and depressive symptoms in obese adolescents.

Depression and obesity are highly prevalent and are considered inflammatory pathologies; in addition, they are also associated with dietary patterns including types of fatty acids (FA). Changes in the FA composition in the brain are determined by changes in the content and quality of dietary and serum FA. The aim of this study was to verify the relationships between serum-free FA, inflammatory processes and depressive symptoms in obese adolescents. This was a cross-sectional study that analysed a database composed of 138 post-pubertal adolescents. Data regarding the depressive symptoms, body composition, glucose metabolism, lipid profile, FA profile, leptin concentration, as well as adiponectin, IL-A, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, C-reactive protein and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 levels of the subjects were collected. A total of 54·6 % of the adolescents presented with depressive symptoms, and there were positive correlations between depressive symptoms and serum saturated fatty acids (SFA) content, body fat, and inflammatory adipokines, such as leptin, IL-6, and the leptin/adiponectin ratio. Moreover, the content of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was negatively correlated with depressive symptoms, suggesting that eicosatrienoic acid (C20:2n6) and dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (C20:3n-6) are independently associated with depressive symptom scores and can be critical predictors of poor mental health in humans. These results point to the relationship between SFA and depressive symptoms in obese adolescents. However, longitudinal studies are needed to confirm the causality between dietary SFA and depression in obese individuals.

Semi-intensive and Intensive Interdisciplinary Treatments Have Similar Effects on Metabolic Syndrome and Selected Inflammatory Markers in Adolescents with Obesity.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of the present study was to compare the impact of semi-intensive and intensive interdisciplinary weight-loss therapies on the treatment of metabolic syndrome (MS) and selected inflammatory markers in adolescents with obesity. METHODS: The study included 166 adolescents enrolled in two groups for 22 weeks: the intensive group (in-person aerobic and resistance exercise three times a week, and psychological and nutritional counselling once a week), or the semi-intensive group (six in-person exercise orientation meetings and six in-person psychological support sessions with an online nutritional and exercise program). Anthropometric parameters, blood pressure, fasting glucose, insulin, lipid profile, triglycerides (TG), leptin and adiponectin were assessed before and after the interventions. RESULTS: Body weight and waist circumference decreased in both groups (P<0.001) and large effect sizes (η2= 0.586 and η2=0.465, respectively) were noted. Significant time and group interactions were found (P=0.001) with medium effect sizes (η2=0.095 and η2=0.105, respectively). The prevalence of MS decreased from 27.9% to 13.1% (P=0.012) and 29.4% to 5.9% (P=0.004) in the semi-intensive and intensive groups, respectively. All MS risk factors decreased significantly over time (P<0.001) and a significant time*group interaction was observed (P<0.05), except for fasting TG (P=0.832) and glucose (P=0.128, η2=0.021). CONCLUSION: The results suggested that both approaches promoted significant clinical improvement in the condition of adolescents with MS and reduced associated risk factors. Studies that consider the cost effectiveness of both treatments are still needed to determine whether semi-intensive care, with its lower financial costs, may be a suitable option to treat obesity and MS in adolescents with obesity.

Cognitive Behavioral Approach to Treat Obesity: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Our aim was to analyze and compare the effects of three different long-term treatments on anthropometric profiles, eating behaviors, anxiety and depression levels, and quality of life of groups of adults with obesity. Methods: The 43 participants in the study were randomly assigned to one of three groups: the education and health group (EH, n = 12), which received lectures on health topics; the physical exercise group (PE, n = 13), which underwent physical training; and the interdisciplinary therapy plus cognitive behavioral therapy (IT + CBT) (n = 18) group, which received physical training, nutritional advice, and physical and psychological therapy. Results: Total quality of life increased significantly in the EH group (△ = 2.00); in the PE group, body weight significantly decreased (△ = -1.42) and the physical domain of quality of life improved (△ = 1.05). However, the most significant changes were seen in the IT + CBT group, in which the anthropometric profile improved; there were an increase in quality of life in all domains (physical, psychological, social, and environmental), an improvement in eating behaviors [Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ), total △ = -8.39], and a reduction in depression [Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), △ = -10.13). Conclusion: The IT + CBT program was more effective than the PE and EH programs. Clinical Trial Registration Number: NCT02573688.

Effects of functional training and 2 interdisciplinary interventions on maximal oxygen uptake and weight loss of women with obesity: a randomized clinical trial.

Our aim was to analyze and compare functional training, interdisciplinary therapy, and interdisciplinary education on cardiorespiratory fitness (CF) and anthropometric characteristics of women with obesity. Forty-four women (age = 39.7 ± 5.9 years, body mass index (BMI) = 35.5 ± 2.8 kg/m2) completed 30 weeks of intervention randomly assigned to 3 groups: functional training (FT) (n = 14), interdisciplinary therapy (IT) (n = 19), and interdisciplinary education (IE) (n = 11). The FT group participated in the training program (3/week), the IT group received the same training intervention plus nutrition (1/week) and psychology advice (1/week) and physical therapy (1/week). The IE group participated in interdisciplinary lectures on topics related to health promotion (1/month). CF (ergospirometry), anthropometry, and body composition (electrical bioimpedance) were measured pre-intervention (Pre) and post-intervention (Post). CF increased (p ≤ 0.05) significantly (Pre vs. Post) in the FT (7.5%) and IT (10.8%) groups, but not in the IE group (1.8%). Body mass (BM), BMI, relative fat mass, and waist circumference significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased (Pre vs. Post) in IT (-4.4%, -4.4%, -2.3%, and -5.1%, respectively). The IE group showed a significant decrease in BM (-3.7%), BMI (-3.7%), and waist circumference (-3.5%), whereas the FT group promoted significant decrease in waist circumference (-3.4%). In conclusion, functional training increased CF but only interdisciplinary interventions improved the anthropometric profile of women with obesity. Novelty Interdisciplinary therapy provided more comprehensive adaptations in women with obesity, including morphological variables and CF. Functional training increased CF but reduced only abdominal obesity. Interdisciplinary education provided benefits on morphological variables, but it does not increase CF.

Neuroendocrine Control, Inflammation, and Psychological Aspects After Interdisciplinary Therapy in Obese Women.

Obesity is a chronic and multifactorial disease promoted by positive energy balance. The objective was to evaluate the effects of interdisciplinary therapy in the neuroendocrine control of food intake, inflammatory markers, and psychological aspects in obese women. Forty-seven obese women (43.32±5.82 years, 34.86±3.08 kg/m2), aged 30-50 years, participated in an interdisciplinary lifestyle change therapy, consisting of nutritional counseling, physical exercises, and psychological therapy for 36 weeks. After the long-term therapy, there was a decrease in body weight (Δ -5.36 kg), BMI (Δ -2.01 kg/m2), abdominal (Δ -9.09 cm), hip (Δ -5.03 cm), and thigh (Δ -5.07 cm) perimeters. There was also a significant improvement in body composition, with an increase in fat-free mass (Δ 1.60%) and reduction of body fat (Δ -3.74 kg). The therapy proposed also provided an improvement in depression scores (Δ -6.63), anxiety (Δ -4.07), body image (Δ -25.25), and binge eating (Δ -5.25). There was a significant reduction in serum levels of leptin (Δ -15.62 ng/ml). The interdisciplinary therapy was able to provide both, physical and psychological benefits in energy balance, which enables the use of this model as a feasible clinical strategy for the treatment of obesity.

Effects of magnitude of visceral adipose tissue reduction: Impact on insulin resistance, hyperleptinemia and cardiometabolic risk in adolescents with obesity after long-term weight-loss therapy.

AIM: To investigate the association between visceral adipose tissue loss and insulin resistance and hyperleptinemia in adolescents with obesity submitted to interdisciplinary weight-loss therapy. METHODS: A total of 172 post-pubertal adolescents (body mass index greater than the 95th percentile of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reference growth charts) were recruited for the study. The adolescents were assigned to long-term weight-loss therapy. Body composition, visceral and subcutaneous fat, glucose metabolism, lipid profile, hepatic enzymes and leptin concentration were measured. After the therapy, the adolescents were allocated to three different groups according to the tertile of visceral fat reduction. RESULTS: Positive effects on body composition were observed in all analysed groups independent of visceral fat reduction. It was found that visceral fat was an independent predictor of insulin resistance in the investigated population. Obese adolescents who lost a higher proportion of visceral adipose tissue (>1.8 cm) demonstrated improved metabolic and inflammatory parameters twice as much than those who presented smaller losses. Positive correlations between visceral fat reduction and glucose metabolism, lipid profile, hepatic enzymes and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index were demonstrated. CONCLUSION: The magnitude of the reduction in visceral fat was an independent predictor of insulin resistance, hyperleptinemia and metabolic disorders related to obese adolescents.

The hyperleptinemia state can downregulate cardiorespiratory fitness and energy expenditure in obese women.

INTRODUCTION: In general, in obese people a state of hyperleptinemia may impair both energy balance and the inflammatory process. However, it has not been fully investigated whether there is a relationship between hyperleptinemia and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and resting energy expenditure (REE), in obese women. METHODS: 83 obese women were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Anthropometric measures, body composition, REE, CRF and serum concentration of leptin were measured. Pearson's correlation coefficient was performed to examine the relationship between circulating leptin level and other clinical variables. Multiple regression analysis was applied to determine predictors of REE and CRF. Effects were considered significant at p≤0.05. RESULTS: The most important finding in the present study is that the hyperleptinemia state was inversely correlated with CRF (r=-0.382, p=0.001) and REE (r=-0.447, p<0.001). Moreover, a positive correlation with fat mass was confirmed (r=0.419, p<0.001). In addition, hyperleptinemia was an independent negative predictor of REE (r2=-2.649, p=0.010) and CRF (r2=-2.335, p=0.023). CONCLUSION: Together our results may suggest a vicious cycle between the state of hyperleptinemia and a decrease in energy expenditure and cardiorespiratory fitness in obese women, which can impair whole body energy homeostasis. This information is important to contribute to clinical practices.

Long-term interdisciplinary therapy decreases symptoms of binge eating disorder and prevalence of metabolic syndrome in adults with obesity.

Obesity-associated comorbidities greatly impact the quality and expectancy of life. Binge eating disorder (BED) is the most prevalent eating disorder and it is an important risk factor for obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS). For these reasons, we aimed to assess the effect of an interdisciplinary therapy on the symptoms of BED and the prevalence of MetS in obese adults. It was hypothesized that the interdisciplinary therapy would decrease symptoms of BED and markers of MetS. Twenty-four volunteers (BMI 34.80±3.17 kg/m2; 41.21±6.28 years old) completed a 32-week intervention. Biochemical characteristics, body composition, the degree of symptoms of binge eating, and macronutrients, and sodium consumption pre- and post-treatment were determined. The prevalence of MetS dropped from 75% to 45.8%, post-therapy. Among the markers of MetS, waist circumference and systolic blood pressure decreased significantly, whereas high-density lipoprotein levels increased. Fasting plasma glucose, diastolic blood pressure, and triglycerides did not change. Based on binge-eating scale (BES) scores, before therapy, 33.3% of volunteers were classified as moderate bingers, and after therapy all volunteers were classified as having no BED symptoms. No difference in the prevalence of MetS between individuals classified as normal or moderate bingers was observed, but we found a positive post-therapy correlation between the BES score and body fat, gynoid fat and trunk fat. Sodium, fat, and carbohydrate consumption decreased. Protein intake did not change. In conclusion, the interdisciplinary approach was efficient in reducing symptoms of BED and MetS prevalence in this population.

The excessive caloric intake and micronutrient deficiencies related to obesity after a long-term interdisciplinary therapy.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a long-term interdisciplinary lifestyle modification therapy on food intake, body composition, and anthropometric measurements of obese women. METHODS: Seventy obese women (age 41 ± 5.9 y) attended the interdisciplinary therapy, with nutrition, physical exercise, physiotherapy, and psychological support during the course of 1 y. Usual food intake was estimated by 3-d dietary record. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry was performed to determine body fat and fat-free mass. Waist and hip circumferences also were measured. Student's t test and Wilcoxon test were used for comparisons among categories; P < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: The assessment of dietary intake showed significant changes after interdisciplinary therapy. A reduction in intake of total calories (18.3%), carbohydrates (15.6%), and total fats (13.1%) was observed. Total micronutrient intake did not change positively after therapy, as the intake level of 16 micronutrients was still lower than recommended. The therapy was effective in reducing significantly body weight (5.9%), body mass index (6.1%), body fat (4.7%), and waist (5.2%) and hip (3.8%) circumferences. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term interdisciplinary therapy was effective in decreasing the intake of calories, carbohydrates, and fats. The therapy positively changed the body composition and reduced anthropometric measurements. However, the intake of some micronutrients after therapy was still significantly lower than recommended. These results demonstrated that the proposed interdisciplinary methodology can be effective in treating obesity; however, the present study reinforced the need to address the micronutrient deficiency in the target population.

Leptin as a cardiovascular risk marker in metabolically healthy obese: Hyperleptinemia in metabolically healthy obese.

Adipokines contribute to the inflammatory process which can lead to obesity-associated cardiometabolic complications. Metabolically healthy obese individuals seem to be protected or more resistant to develop these complications and it is intriguing why some individuals develop comorbidities and others do not. Thus, we questioned whether the differences between metabolically healthy and unhealthy obese relied on the alterations in metabolic profile, characterized by serum leptin and adiponectin. A total of 142 obese adults were divided into 2 groups - metabolically healthy obese (MHO) or unhealthy obese (MUO) - and they were evaluated for anthropometric measures, body composition, blood pressure, dietary intakes and plasma levels of leptin and adiponectin. Leptin/adiponectin ratio (L/A) was calculated. Age, BMI and blood pressure were higher in the MUO. No differences in anthropometric measurements, body composition, dietary intake and dietary quality were observed between groups. Leptin were significantly higher in the MUO (53.07 ± 34.56 versus 36.27 ± 24.02 ng/ml in the MHO, r < 0.04). The logistic regression analysis demonstrated that leptin was an important factor associated with not being healthy, independent of age, body weight and BMI. There were no differences between groups for adiponectin and L/A. Leptin correlated positively with body weight (r = 0.25, r < 0.05), BMI (r = 0.38, r < 0.05) and BF (r = 0.74, r < 0.05), and negatively with FFM (r = -0.74, r < 0.05). Our findings suggest that leptin is an important cardiovascular disease marker to obese population and can contribute to evaluate metabolic risks in these individuals.

Resting energy expenditure in obese women: comparison between measured and estimated values.

Assessing energy requirements is a fundamental activity in clinical dietetic practice. The aim of this study was to investigate which resting energy expenditure (REE) predictive equations are the best alternatives to indirect calorimetry before and after an interdisciplinary therapy in Brazilian obese women. In all, twelve equations based on weight, height, sex, age, fat-free mass and fat mass were tested. REE was measured by indirect calorimetry. The interdisciplinary therapy consisted of nutritional, physical exercise, psychological and physiotherapy support during the course of 1 year. The average differences between measured and predicted REE, as well as the accuracy at the ±10 % level, were evaluated. Statistical analysis included paired t tests, intraclass correlation coefficients and Bland-Altman plots. Validation was based on forty obese women (BMI 30-39·9 kg/m2). Our major findings demonstrated a wide variation in the accuracy of REE predictive equations before and after weight loss in non-morbid, obese women. The equations reported by Harris-Benedict and FAO/WHO/United Nations University (UNU) were the only ones that did not show significant differences compared with indirect calorimetry and presented a bias <5 %. The Harris-Benedict equation provided 40 and 47·5 % accurate predictions before and after therapy, respectively. The FAO equation provided 35 and 47·5 % accurate predictions. However, the Bland-Altman analysis did not show good agreement between these equations and indirect calorimetry. Therefore, the Harris-Benedict and FAO/WHO/UNU equations should be used with caution for obese women. The need to critically re-assess REE data and generate regional and more homogeneous REE databases for the target population is reinforced.

Clinical performance of 3-body fat measurements in obese adolescents 15 to 18 years-old / Medidas da gordura corporal em adolescentes obesos de 15 a 18 anos

There is a lack of information about the performance and clinical use of body fat measurements in children and adolescents, particularly in obese people. Objective: the purpose of this study was to compare percentage body fat (%BF) among 3 different methodologies, including hydrostatic weighing (HW), dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and air displacement plethysmography (ADP), in obese adolescents. Subjects: A total of 36 obese adolescents were evaluated, which 15 males (16.00 + 0.9 yrs, 105.0 + 10.9 kg, 179.9 + 7.2 cm, 34.9 + 4.4 kg/m2) and 21 females (16.5 + 1.5 yrs, 91.1 + 10.5 kg, 163.6 + 4.2 cm, 34.1 + 3.7 kg/m2). All of them performed HW, total body DXA and ADP. Results: For males, the means of %BF regarding HW, DXA and ADP were 45.7 + 9.0, 42.3 + 5.2 and 35.6 + 7.9, respectively. For females, the means of %BF were 47.7 + 6.8, 50.7 + 4 and 42.4 + 5.3, respectively. No significant difference was found between HW and DXA. In general, the %BF values provided by ADP measurements were lower than other two methods. Conclusion: There was a good agreement between DXA and HW methods, but ADP measurements can underestimate the %BF in obese adolescents.

Age and gender may influence the results of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass? Metabolic syndrome parameters.

CONTEXT: Severe obesity affects the body favoring the development of serious diseases, including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis and non alcoholic fatty liver disease. Bariatric procedures increased in Brazil in the last decade. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to verify if gender and age in date of procedure resulted significant differences in metabolic syndrome parameters after surgery. METHODS: The study involved 205 medical records of adult patients undergoing Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, stratified by gender and age groups and followed one year by a multidisciplinary team. RESULTS: It was observed significant decrease in body mass index, fasting glucose and insulin at all ages and both genders. Lipid profile showed significant improvements except high density lipoprotein cholesterol. Ectopic fat in the liver has decreased after 6 months in patients classified with steatosis at baseline. Patients classified as hypertensive blood pressure levels decreased 6 months after surgical intervention. CONCLUSIONS: Roux-en-Y gastric bypass proved to be an important tool in remission of metabolic syndrome parameters. The reduction of body mass accompanied to decrease in insulin resistance resulted in lower prevalence of comorbidities associated with obesity. The benefits were similar and extended both genders and all age groups between 18 and 65 years old.

AGE AND GENDER MAY INFLUENCE THE RESULTS OF ROUX-EN-Y GASTRIC BYPASS? Metabolic syndrome parameters / Idade e gênero podem influenciar nos resultados da derivação gástrica em Y de Roux? Parâmetros da síndrome metabólica

Context Severe obesity affects the body favoring the development of serious diseases, including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis and non alcoholic fatty liver disease. Bariatric procedures increased in Brazil in the last decade. Objectives The purpose of this study was to verify if gender and age in date of procedure resulted significant differences in metabolic syndrome parameters after surgery. Methods The study involved 205 medical records of adult patients undergoing Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, stratified by gender and age groups and followed one year by a multidisciplinary team. Results It was observed significant decrease in body mass index, fasting glucose and insulin at all ages and both genders. Lipid profile showed significant improvements except high density lipoprotein cholesterol. Ectopic fat in the liver has decreased after 6 months in patients classified with steatosis at baseline. Patients classified as hypertensive blood pressure levels decreased 6 months after surgical intervention. Conclusions Roux-en-Y gastric bypass proved to be an important tool in remission of metabolic syndrome parameters. The reduction of body mass accompanied to decrease in insulin resistance resulted in lower prevalence of comorbidities associated with obesity. The benefits were similar and extended both genders and all age groups between 18 and 65 years old. .

Contexto A obesidade severa favorece o desenvolvimento de doenças graves, como hipertensão, diabetes mellitus, aterosclerose e esteatose hepática. Na última década, houve um aumento de procedimentos bariátricos no Brasil. Objetivos O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se o gênero e a idade no momento da cirurgia implicam em diferenças significativas nos parâmetros da síndrome metabólica. Métodos Estudo envolveu 205 prontuários de pacientes adultos submetidos à derivação gástrica em Y-de-Roux, estratificada por gênero e faixas etárias, acompanhados por equipe multidisciplinar com seguimento de 1 ano. Resultados Observou-se diminuição significativa do índice de massa corporal, glicemia e insulina em todas as idades e ambos os gêneros. O perfil lipídico apresentou melhorias significativas, exceto na fração da lipoproteína de alta densidade. Os níveis de gordura ectópica no fígado diminuíram depois de 6 meses. Houve uma diminuição na prevalência de hipertensos 6 meses após a intervenção cirúrgica. Conclusões A derivação gástrica em Y-de-Roux mostrou melhora dos parâmetros da síndrome metabólica. A redução da massa corporal acompanhada da diminuição na resistência à insulina resultou em menor prevalência de comorbidades associadas à obesidade. Os benefícios foram similares e estenderam-se para ambos os gêneros e todas as faixas etárias entre 18 e 65 anos de idade. .

Aerobic plus resistance training was more effective in improving the visceral adiposity, metabolic profile and inflammatory markers than aerobic training in obese adolescents.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether aerobic plus resistance training (AT + RT) is more effective than aerobic training (AT) at reducing inflammatory markers and cardiovascular risk in obese adolescents. A total of 139 obese adolescents were enrolled, aged 15-19 years, body mass index (BMI) ≥ 95th percentile and participated in 1 year of interdisciplinary intervention. They were randomised into two groups: AT (n = 55), AT + RT (n = 61). Blood samples were collected to analyse glycaemia, insulin, the lipid profile, leptin and adiponectin concentrations. Insulin resistance was measured by homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR). The AT + RT group showed better results with regard to decreased body fat mass, low-density lipoprotein concentration (LDL-c) levels, subcutaneous and visceral fat and increased body lean mass. Indeed, a reduction of hyperleptinaemia and an increase in adiponectin concentrations, promoting an improvement in the leptin/adiponectin ratio, was observed. Important clinical parameters were improved in both types of exercise; however, AT + RT was more effective in improving the visceral adiposity, metabolic profile and inflammatory markers than AT alone, suggesting clinical applications for the control of intra-abdominal obesity and cardiovascular risk in the paediatric population.

Efeito dos ácidos graxos na Síndrome Metabólica: uma revisão de literatura / Effects of fatty acids on the Metabolic Syndrome: a literature review

Changes in the diet pattern have been considered a major cause of overweight rate increase and Metabolic Syndrome (MS) in the world. A diet with high energy density can contribute to fat accumulation in metabolic active tissues and increase of proinflammatory adipokines, favoring the inflammatory condition of this syndrome. However, not all types of high fat diet are malefic to the body. The objective of this study was to conduct a literature review on the effect of fatty acids on the Metabolic Syndrome and on the important relationship between diet, obesity, MS and cardiovascular disease. It was possible to observe that a diet rich in saturated fat is associated with overweight, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and increased levels of cholesterol, leptin, insulin and glucose. It was also possible to observe that increased levels of saturated fatty acids and decreased levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids are associated with metabolic syndrome. Supplementation with ?-3 was effective in reducing the effects of saturated fatty acids, such as the serum levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL-c, decreasing blood pressure, and increasing the serum levels of HDL-c. After further studies confirm the safety of use and the ideal dose of ?-3 to prevent and treat MS, the supplementation should be associated with a diet that is balanced, low in saturated fat and rich in vitamins, as well as with a change in lifestyle.

Los cambios en los hábitos alimentícios han sido considerados como una de las causas más importantes del aumento mundial del sobrepeso y, por lo tanto, del Síndrome Metabólico (SM). Una dieta con alta densidad energética puede contribuir a la acumulación de grasa en los tejidos metabólicamente activos y al aumento de adipoquinas proinflamatorias, favoreciendo, así, el cuadro inflamatorio de este síndrome. Sin embargo, no todos los tipos de dietas hiperlipídicas son perjudiciales para el organismo. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio fue revisar en la literatura los efectos de los ácidos grasos en el SM y la importante relación entre dieta, obesidad, síndrome metabólico y enfermedad cardiovascular. Se observó que una dieta rica en grasas saturadas se asocia con el exceso de peso, hígado graso, elevación de los niveles séricos de colesterol, leptina, insulina y glucosa, puesto que el alto consumo de grasas saturadas y la disminución de los niveles de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados se correlacionan con el Síndrome Metabólico. La ingesta de suplementos de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados ha demostrado su eficacia a la hora de mitigar los efectos de la dieta alta en grasas, además de reducir los triglicéridos, el colesterol total, LDL-c, la presión arterial y mejorar los niveles de HLD-c. Después de que estudios posteriores confirmen la seguridad del uso y la dosis ideal del Omega 3 para la prevención y el tratamiento del Síndrome Metabólico, se hace necesario que su uso sea associado con una dieta balanceada, baja en grasas saturadas, rica en vitaminas, e incentivar al cambio en el estilo de vida.

As mudanças nos padrões alimentares têm sido consideradas como uma das principais causas do aumento mundial do excesso de peso e, consequentemente, da Síndrome Metabólica (SM). Uma dieta com alta densidade energética pode contribuir para acúmulo de gordura em tecidosmetabolicamente ativos e aumento de adipocinas pró-inflamatórias, favorecendo o quadro inflamatório desta Síndrome. Porém, nem todos ostipos de dietas hiperlipídicas são maléficos para o organismo. Assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo revisar na literatura os efeitos dos ácidos graxos na SM e a importante relação entre dieta, obesidade, SM e doenças cardiovasculares. Observou-se que a alimentação rica em gordura saturada está relacionada com excesso de peso, esteatose hepática, elevação dos níveis séricos de colesterol, leptina, insulina e glicose, sendo que a elevação do consumo de gordura saturada ea diminuição de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados estão correlacionadas com a presença da Síndrome Metabólica. A suplementação de ácidograxo poli-insaturado mostrou-se eficaz para amenizar os efeitos da dieta hiperlipídica, além de diminuir triglicérides, colesterol total, LDL-c e pressão arterial, e melhorar os níveis de HLD-c. Após estudos posteriores confirmarem a segurança e a dose da utilização do ômega 3 para prevenção e tratamento da Síndrome Metabólica, é necessário que esta utilização seja associada a uma dieta equilibrada, pobre em gordura saturada, rica em vitaminas e com um incentivo à mudança no estilo de vida.

Influencia do indice de massa corporal no equilibrio e na configuracao plantar em obesos adultos / Influence of body mass index in balance and foot print in obese adults / Influencia del indice de masa corporal en el equilibrio y la configuracion plantar en obesos adultos

INTRODUÇÃO: A obesidade é uma doença crônica degenerativa multifatorial que pode levar a alterações do sistema musculoesquelético, como mudança do centro de gravidade e sobrecarga mecânica sobre os membros inferiores. OBJETIVOS: Correlacionar o índice de massa corporal (IMC) com o equilíbrio corporal e verificar associação entre o IMC e a configuração plantar. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 30 obesos, de ambos os gêneros, com IMC maior ou igual a 30 Kg/m². Inicialmente, os voluntários foram submetidos às avaliações de medidas antropométricas a fim de calcular o valor do IMC. Em seguida, foram submetidos ao teste de equilíbrio corporal estático Balance Error Scoring System (BESS) e a plantigrafia para a identificação da impressão plantar. Por meio do método de Viladot, os voluntários foram classificados em grupos: pé plano (GPP), pé cavo (GPC) e pé neutro (GPN). A correlação entre as variáveis IMC e BESS foi calculada por meio do coeficiente de correlação linear de Pearson e associação entre o IMC e a configuração plantar foi realizada por meio da análise de variância (Anova). Para todas as análises, nível de significância considerado foi p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: Os valores da correlação entre o IMC e o BESS foram r = - 0,1 e p = 0,59. Os valores da associação do IMC entre GPN - GPP; GPN - GPC; GPP - GPC foram respectivamente: p = 0,76; p = 0,001; p = 0,07. CONCLUSÃO: O índice de massa corporal de adultos obesos não influencia o equilíbrio corporal, porém influencia na configuração plantar. .

INTRODUCTION: Obesity is a multifactor chronic degenerative disease that can lead to changes in the musculoskeletal system, such as changing the center of gravity and mechanical loads on the lower limbs. OBJECTIVES: To correlate the body mass index (BMI) with the body balance and verify the association between BMI and foot conformation. METHODS: Thirty obese men and women were evaluated, with BMI greater or equal 30 kg/m². Initially, the volunteers underwent assessments of anthropometric measurements to calculate BMI value. Then the individuals were tested for static body balance by Balance Error Scoring System (BESS) and plantigraphy for identification of footprints. Through the Viladot method, the volunteers were classified into groups: flat foot (GPP/FFG), cavus foot (GPC/CFG) and neutral foot (NFG). The correlation between the variables BESS and BMI was calculated using the Pearson's linear coefficient analysis and association between BMI, and the plantar conformation was performed by analysis of variance (ANOVA). For all analyzes, the level of significance was p<0.05. RESULTS: The values of the correlation between BMI and BESS were r=-0.1, p=0.59. The values of the association between BMI; GPN/NFG-GPP/FFG; GPN/NFG-GPC/CFG; GPP/FFG-GPC/CFG were respectively: p=0.76, p=0.001, p= 0.07. CONCLUSION: The body mass index of obese adults does not influence the body balance, but influences the plantar conformation. .

INTRODUCCIÓN: La obesidad es una enfermedad crónica degenerativa multifactorial que puede llevar a alteraciones del sistema musculoesquelético, como cambio del centro de gravedad y sobrecarga mecánica cuanto a los miembros inferiores. OBJETIVOS: Correlacionar el índice de masa corporal (IMC) con el equilibrio corporal y verificar el vínculo entre el IMC y la configuración plantar. MÉTODOS: Se evaluaron 30 obesos, de ambos sexos, con IMC mayor o igual a 30 Kg/m². Inicialmente, los voluntarios fueron sometidos a las evaluaciones de medidas antropométricas a fin de calcular el valor del IMC. A continuación, fueron sometidos a la prueba de equilibrio corporal estático Balance Error Scoring System (BESS) y a plantigrafía para la identificación de la impresión plantar. Por medio del método de Viladot, los voluntarios fueron clasificados en grupos: pie plano (GPP), pie cavo (GPC) y pie neutro (GPN). La correlación entre las variables IMC y BESS fue calculada mediante el coeficiente de correlación linear de Pearson y el vínculo entre el IMC y la configuración plantar fue identificado por medio del análisis de variancia (ANOVA). Para todos los análisis, el nivel de significancia que se consideró fue p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: Los valores de correlación entre el IMC y el BESS fueron r = - 0,1 y p = 0,59. Los valores del vínculo del IMC entre GPN-GPP, GPN-GPC, GPP-GPC fueron, respectivamente: p = 0,76; p = 0,001; p = 0,07. CONCLUSIÓN: El índice de masa corporal de adultos obesos no influencia en el equilibrio corporal, no obstante, influye en la configuración plantar. .

Multidisciplinary approach to the treatment of obese adolescents: effects on cardiovascular risk factors, inflammatory profile, and neuroendocrine regulation of energy balance.

The prevention of obesity and health concerns related to body fat is a major challenge worldwide. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of a medically supervised, multidisciplinary approach, on reduction in the prevalence of obesity related comorbidities, inflammatory profile, and neuroendocrine regulation of energy balance in a sample of obese adolescents. A total of 97 postpuberty obese adolescents were enrolled in this study. Body composition, neuropeptides, and adipokines were analysed. The metabolic syndrome was defined by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF). The abdominal ultrasonography was performed to measure visceral, subcutaneous fat and hepatic steatosis. All measures were performed at baseline and after one year of therapy. The multidisciplinary management promoted the control of obesity reducing body fat mass. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome, asthma, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), binge eating, and hyperleptinemia was reduced. An improvement in the inflammatory profile was demonstrated by an increase in anti-inflammatory adiponectin and reduction in proinflammatory adipokines, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, interleukin-6 concentrations, and in the Lep/Adipo ratio. Moreover, a reduction in the AgRP and an increase in the alfa-MSH were noted. The multidisciplinary approach not only reduced obesity but also is efficacious in cardiovascular risk factors, inflammatory profile, and neuroendocrine regulation of energy balance.